News You Can Use

Heart disease is the disorder of the blood vessels of the heart that can lead to a heart attack. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), every year, one in four deaths are caused by heart disease, and it is the leading cause of death for men and women in the United States.¹

The CDC goes on to point out that there are conditions and behaviors that put people at risk for heart disease and the top three risk factors include:

1. High blood pressure (HBP). The American Heart Association reports that nearly half of the American population over the age of 20 has high blood pressure without even knowing it!  It is important to have your doctor check your blood pressure regularly as high blood pressure can lead to an increased chance of having a heart attack or a stroke.
2. High blood cholesterol. The American Heart Association emphasis the importance of having your cholesterol tested. High cholesterol is one of the major controllable risk factors for heart disease and stroke. If you have other risk factors such as smoking, high blood pressure or diabetes, your risk increases even more.
3. Smoking. In 2016, the CDC estimated that 37.8 million adults in the U.S. currently smoke cigarettes and thousands of young people start smoking each day. To learn about resources available to help you or a loved one quit smoking, please call 1-800-QUIT-NOW which is a federally funded program operated by the CDC.

Fortunately, heart disease can often be prevented when people make healthy choices and manage their health conditions.

Know the Signs. Here are heart attack warning signs from the American Heart Association:

Chest discomfort. Most heart attacks involve discomfort in the center of the chest that lasts more than a few minutes - or it may go away and then return. It can feel like uncomfortable pressure, squeezing, fullness or pain.

Discomfort in other areas of the upper body. Symptoms can include pain or discomfort in one or both arms, the back, neck, jaw or stomach.

Shortness of breath. This can occur with or without chest discomfort.
Other signs. Other possible signs include breaking out in a cold sweat, nausea or lightheadedness.²

If you experience heart attack warning signs, call 911 immediately.

Here are some guidelines from the CDC to help control your heart health:

• Don’t smoke. If you already smoke, learn about the available resources to help you quit. Quitting smoking is very difficult and there are resources available to help you.
• Manage conditions. Keep in contact with your doctors and other professionals that you consider part of your health care team. Keep them informed about how you are feeling and be prepared at your appointments to ask about any questions you may have.   Work with your health care team to manage conditions such as high blood pressure and high cholesterol.
• Make heart-healthy eating changes. The CDC offers suggestions on heart-healthy eating options such as eating fresh fruits and vegetables and avoiding processed foods when you are able. Consider getting input from a Nutritionist to get your diet on the right track.
• Stay active. The American Heart Association recommends at least 150 minutes
  of moderate physical activity per week for adults, aiming for 30 minutes of exercise per day, five days a week. Be sure to talk with your doctor if you are thinking about starting a new exercise routine and consider seeking the help of a personal trainer or other professional to determine what type of exercise is best for you.

There are many benefits to having a healthy lifestyle including preventing cardiovascular disease.  It is never too late to make changes to your lifestyle and there are many resources available to help you along the way.  If you are interested in learning about available local resources consider contacting your local YMCA or your health insurance company to see what benefits you are eligible for!

Sources:
¹Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017, November 28.) Heart Disease Facts. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/facts.htm
²American Heart Association. (2016, June 30.) Warning Signs of a Heart Attack. Retrieved from

https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-attack/warning-signs-of-a-heart-attack

A scam is a dishonest attempt by an individual or organization to obtain something of value from you, such as personal information or money. Scam attempts can be made over the phone, in person, through email, or by text message, with the scammer either winning the confidence of, or sufficiently threatening the recipient.

This is a list of some scams that you should be aware of, with a brief description, and precautions for you to take to help protect yourself and your family:

Phone Scams

• Spear phishing – The caller ID shows the name of your bank. The caller knows some of your personal details and says “someone’s been using your debit card ending in 2345 at a certain retailer. I’ll need to verify your Social Security number — which ends in 8190, right? And your full debit card information so we can stop this unauthorized activity...”. This is not a legitimate call from your bank. The scammers are counting on the call being so unsettling that you might not stop to check your bank statement. Do not give them any information.
• Robocalls - People are receiving more robocalls than ever before. Scammers use technology known as "spoofing" to impersonate calls with your local area code on the ID. If you don’t answer the phone, they may call you right back and you will think it must be important and answer the phone. If it’s important, they would have left a message. If you answer the phone and hear a recorded message, it's a robocall. Hang up.
• Try not to pick up unknown numbers. If you do answer the phone and learn it is a scam, hang-up.
• Do not give out your credit card or personal information to someone calling over the phone. The Social Security Administration (SSA) will never call seeking information regarding your bank account, credit card, or insurance policies. The SSA will only call seeking your Social Security Number if you applied for low-income assistance and the number on your application is incorrect.

Email scams and shopping online

• When shopping online, read the fine print and check their return policy before submitting your order. It’s easy for a fake site to mimic a famous retailer’s website, so make sure you are shopping with a legitimate site. Spelling and grammatical errors on websites can be a giveaway that they are phony. If you are unsure, check the Better Business Bureau website, bbb.org
• Make sure the site has a secure payment process and never save your information on a website.
• Be careful when downloading apps. Bogus holiday deal apps made by scammers can fool users into entering their credit card information, or steal personal data.
• Avoid getting on a mailing list and don’t fill out contest entry forms.
• Never click on links in emails unless you have verified the sender. Install antivirus software and keep it up to date.

Other Scams

• Friend or grandparent scam - scammers impersonate friends or family members to trick worried people into wiring money to help with a fake emergency. Before sending any money, verify their story with other family and friends. Never mail or wire money to someone you don’t know.
• Lottery and sweepstakes - If you receive a phone call or letter that you have won a prize in a sweepstakes, lottery or other contest, but in order to claim your winnings, “you must send a payment to unlock the prize” – it is most likely a scam.
• Employment scams - be wary of on-the-spot offers or any payment required for an opportunity or training.
• Hotel key scams - hotels usually provide you with an electronic key for entry to your room. These keys usually have your identifying information on it, such as your credit card information. If a scammer has access to these keys, they will use the information on the key after your departure.

This is not a complete list, because, as you are reading this, there is a “new” scam being developed or practiced.  The Better Business Bureau has a scam tracker that lists current scams, https://www.bbb.org/scamtracker/us

If you suspect you have been the victim of a scam, don’t be afraid or embarrassed to talk to someone. You can contact any of these agencies:

• Attorney General’s Office
• Better Business Bureau Federal Trade Commission
• US Postal Inspection Services
• Local police department

Please keep in mind, if something sounds too good to be true, it probably is.

For many people, the holiday season is a happy and joyous time. For others, it’s a stressful time.  The emphasis on shopping, entertaining and family gatherings (to name just a few things) can be overwhelming.

Here are some practical tips to help minimize the stress that accompanies the holidays:

• Before you go gift and food shopping, decide how much money you can afford to spend. Then, stick to your budget.
• Discuss gift giving with your family and friends. Some families only give presents to the children; others pick names out of a hat.
• Shopping malls, grocery stores and parking lots tend to be crowded and can become stressful. Try to arrive before the stores open. Make a list of who you need to buy a gift for with suggestions of what to buy them. Don’t wait until the last minute to shop.
• Eat healthy, exercise and get enough sleep. Remember to make some time for yourself.
• If you feel lonely or isolated, reach out to others. Contact local clubs, religious groups or community centers. They can offer support and companionship. Consider volunteering in your community. Helping others is a good way to lift your spirits and feel good about yourself.
• Family gatherings can be stressful. As families change and grow, traditions often change. Choose a few to hold on to, and be open to creating new ones. For example, if your adult children can't come to your house, find new ways to celebrate together, such as sharing pictures, emails, or videos or using Skype. You could always get together before or after the holidays.

For some, holidays are a time for reflection. Empty nesters, older adults and individuals who are grieving, may be particularly vulnerable to feelings of loneliness. This is normal, but try not to let this spoil your holidays. Stay busy, and consider reconnecting with old friends, especially those who are supportive, caring and have a positive outlook.

Don’t let the holidays become something you dread. The holidays don’t have to be stressful. You can find peace and joy during the holidays if you put in the effort.

Medicare open enrollment starts on October 15, 2018 and ends on December 7, 2018. During Open Enrollment, you can purchase a new health plan or make changes to an existing plan. Medicare plans cover hospital, doctor visits and prescription drugs. Open enrollment is a perfect time to review your Medicare benefits.

Even if you don’t make changes to your current Medicare plan, insurance providers often make changes. These changes may not impact you now, but they may in the future. Finding the right health insurance plan that covers your needs can be overwhelming. It is important that you understand the differences in coverage and how specific benefits might impact you financially. Being smart about choosing your health insurance plan can save you money.

There are trained Medicare experts in the community. The SHINE program (Serving the Health Needs of Everyone) has counselors across Massachusetts who offer free assistance for people with Medicare. They will help guide you to the right Medicare plan. Meetings typically last about an hour. To meet with a SHINE counselor at Old Colony Elder Services (OCES) call 508-584-1561 and ask for the Information and Referral Department.

This is the first year with new Medicare cards. These cards were mailed starting in April 2018. Instead of your Social Security Number, your new card has a Medicare Number that is unique to you. This will help protect your identity. If you have not received your card, please call the Massachusetts Senior Medicare Patrol (SMP) Program at 800-892-0890.

Domestic violence is when one partner in any relationship abuses the other. The abuse can be physical, sexual, emotional/psychological or a combination of all three. Domestic violence can happen at any age, and in all sorts of relationships. It can happen between married and unmarried people, by a man against a woman, by a woman against a man or in gay or lesbian relationships.

Some examples of domestic violence include:

• Physical violence – aggressive acts when a person hurts or tries to hurt a partner by hitting, kicking, shoving or using another type of physical force. Physical abuse may also include denying someone medical treatment or forcing drug or alcohol use on someone.
• Sexual violence – any unwanted or forced sexual activity

• Emotional or psychological abuse – the abuser constantly humiliates and puts down the victim. This may include threats, unfounded accusations of infidelity, control of economic decisions and social isolation.
• Stalking - a pattern of repeated, unwanted attention and contact by a partner that causes fear or concern for one’s own safety or the safety of someone close to the victim. Some examples of stalking may include excessive phone calls, following the person, monitoring daily activities, using technology to track a person’s location or showing up at a person’s home or workplace.
• Cyberstalking - refers to online actions such as repeated emailing or texting that inflicts substantial emotional distress.
• Financial abuse - withholding money, ruining credit, stopping a partner from getting or keeping a job.

Domestic abuse often escalates from threats and verbal abuse to violence. While physical injury may be the most obvious danger, the emotional and psychological consequences of domestic abuse are also severe. Children in homes where there is domestic violence are more likely to be abused and or neglected. Even if a child is not physically harmed, they may have emotional and behavioral problems.

Emotionally abusive relationships can destroy a person’s self-worth, lead to anxiety and depression, and make a person feel helpless and alone.

An important step in preventing or stopping domestic violence, to help yourself or someone you know, is recognizing the warning signs. Some common signs a partner is being abusive in a relationship may include:

• Keeps you from seeing or contacting your family and friends
• Controls your money, including refusing to give you money or how you can spend it
• Insults, shames you
• Controls all aspects of your life, including what you do, what you wear, and where you go
• Has unrealistic expectations, such as a partner has to be available at all times
• Threatens to take away or hurt your children
• Denies abuse is happening or downplays it as a problem
• Destroys property
• Intimidates you with guns, knives, or other weapons
• Threatens to commit suicide

For anonymous, confidential help that is available 24/7, call the National Domestic Violence Hotline at 1-800-799-7233 (SAFE) or 1-800-787-3224 (TTY), or visit www.thehotline.org. If you are in immediate danger, call 911.

The frequency and severity of domestic violence can vary dramatically. One constant component of domestic violence is one partner’s consistent efforts to maintain power and control over the other. Abusive behavior should never be accepted or tolerated. Everyone deserves to feel valued, respected, and safe.

As you age, your body and your needs change in order to stay healthy. It is important for older adults to remain physically, mentally and socially engaged. However, older adults often encounter challenges in these areas. Careful attention and preventative measures to reduce or eliminate these challenges is helpful in the pursuit of healthy aging.

A key to healthy aging is a healthy lifestyle. Eating a variety of nutritious foods and practicing portion control can go a long way toward promoting healthy aging. As you get older, your metabolism slows down and you need fewer calories. Make your calories count and choose foods packed with the nutrients you need. Eat dark leafy greens and colorful fruits and vegetables. Cut down on empty calories from sugary drinks and sweets. If you need help, your doctor or health care provider can make recommendations.

Other factors to healthy aging include physical and mental activity. Changing your lifestyle in your 60s and beyond can still make a big difference. Regular exercise could lower your risk of heart problems and bone fractures. If you have not been active in a while, starting regular physical activity now may improve your endurance, strength, balance, and flexibility. Just 30 minutes of walking, biking, or even gardening five days a week can make a difference. For any new physical activity, start slowly and work up to your goal.

Being active can be difficult if your mobility is limited or if you have serious health problems. Before starting any physical activity, check with your doctor who will be able to recommend types of exercises that are best for you and ways to progress at a safe and steady pace.

Practicing a new and challenging activity is good for building and maintaining cognitive skills. Choosing a new activity is beneficial as it engages your brain to learn something new.

People who have a social network are less likely to become isolated and lonely. Researchers found that lonely people have higher levels of stress hormones that cause inflammation, or swelling, linked to arthritis and diabetes.

You can build a social network by volunteering, attending religious services, becoming involved in your community, enrolling in a class or learning a new hobby. Volunteering has been linked to a lower risk of heart disease and a longer life. Surround yourself with energetic, happy, positive people of all ages and it will become contagious.

Healthy aging can depend on your genes, lifestyle choices, and the environment. You can be mentally sharp and maintain your ability to learn and reason as you age by eating right, exercising, connecting with others, and challenging your brain.

For adults 65 and older, vaccines are especially important. As you get older, your immune system weakens and it can be more difficult to fight off infections.

Vaccines play an important role in keeping us healthy. They protect us from serious and sometimes deadly diseases and also prevents the spread of these diseases to others. Before a vaccine is recommended for use in the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) makes sure that it works and that it is safe.

Every year, thousands of adults in the United States get sick and are hospitalized from vaccine-preventable diseases. Getting vaccinated will help you stay healthy and allow you to have more time for your family and friends. Before getting any vaccines, consult with your doctor about which vaccines are right for you. Here are some vaccines to consider.

Influenza (flu): An annual seasonal flu vaccine is the best way to reduce your risk of getting the flu and spreading it to others. When more people get vaccinated against the flu, less flu can spread. Get the flu vaccine each year because the flu virus can change from one year to the next.

Pneumococcal: Older people and those with certain medical conditions are most susceptible to pneumonia. People under 65 will need a booster shot when they reach 65 if more than five years have passed since the initial dose.

Hepatitis A: Recommended for those who travel to other countries or live in a U.S. community with high rates of hepatitis A; or who have chronic liver disease, engage in male-to-male sex, or inject drugs.

Hepatitis B: More contagious than HIV, hepatitis B is the type of hepatitis most often spread through sexual contact. It can also be passed from an infected mother to newborn, the sharing of needles or personal items with an infected person, and other contact involving bodily fluids.

Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR): People born after 1956 and all women of childbearing age who have not had these diseases or been vaccinated against them should get the shots to be protected.

Chickenpox (varicella): Protection is necessary for those born in the U.S. after 1966 and have not had this disease and have not been vaccinated. Adults are at a far greater risk of complications.

Shingles (herpes zoster): Shingles is caused by the same virus that causes chickenpox. According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC) a new shingles vaccine called Shingrix (recombinant zoster vaccine) was licensed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2017. The CDC recommends that healthy adults 50 years and older get two doses of Shingrix, 2 to 6 months apart. Shingrix provides strong protection against shingles and postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), the most common complication from shingles. Shingrix is the preferred vaccine, over Zostavax®, a shingles vaccine in use since 2006. Zostavax may still be used to prevent shingles in healthy adults 60 years and older. For example, Zostavax can be used if a person is allergic to Shingrix, prefers Zostavax, or requests immediate vaccination and Shingrix is unavailable.

You can get Shingrix at your doctor’s office or pharmacy. Talk to your doctor before getting Shingrix to be sure this vaccine is right for you. Also, call your health insurance provider ahead of time to see if they will cover the vaccine. Here is a link for more information about shingles https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/shingles/public/shingrix/index.html

Tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis: Booster doses of tetanus-diphtheria (Td) are needed at 10-year intervals. In place of the Td booster, people age 19-64 and those 65 and older who are in contact with infants should get a one-time dose of tetanus-diptheria-pertussis (Tdap) to also protect against whooping cough.

Vaccines for international travelers: Many Veterans and other Americans traveling abroad may be exposed to diseases common in those countries. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) lists current international travel warnings on their website. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices.

Vaccines are some of the safest medical products. But like any other medical product, there may be risks. Remember to consult with your health care provider first.

The heat and sun can be dangerous for people of all ages, and cause heat-related illnesses and other health issues, such as vision problems. Here are some general tips to help ensure a safe, healthy and fun summer.

Stay hydrated – Older adults are more susceptible to dehydration because as the body ages, there is a decrease in its ability to conserve water. Drink plenty of cool water, clear juices, and other liquids that do not contain alcohol or caffeine.

Talk to your doctor - Check with your doctor to be sure any medications you are taking will not be affected by higher temperatures, especially if you do not have air- conditioning in your home.

Stay cool - Do not try to exercise or do a lot of activities (including household chores) when it is very hot and/or humid. Try to keep your home as cool as possible by closing window blinds, shades or curtains during the hottest time of day, and using an air-conditioner. If you do not have an air-conditioner, go somewhere that is air-conditioned. Read a book or magazine at the library, walk around in indoor malls, watch a movie at the theater, or meet your friends at the senior center.

Protect your eyes - Vision loss can be common among older adults, and too much exposure to the sun can irritate eyes and cause further damage. Wear UV-blocking sunglasses to protect your eyes from harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays and to help preserve your vision.

Use sunscreen and wear a hat - Everyone, young and old, should wear sunscreen with a sun protection factor (SPF) of 15 or higher when outdoors to protect against sunburn and reduce the risk of skin cancer. A wide-brimmed hat can also help protect your skin from the sun.

Outdoor activities - If you enjoy the outdoors, wear loose, light-colored clothing. Consider getting outdoors earlier in the morning or later in the evening when the sun is not at its peak.

Too much sun or heat can cause heat-related illnesses such as: heat cramps, which is painful tightening of muscles in your stomach, arms or legs; and heat exhaustion where you feel dizzy, nauseated, weak and thirsty and may sweat a lot or have a rapid pulse rate. If you experience any of these signs, find a cool place, rest and drink water. Contact your doctor if you do not feel better soon.

Heat stroke is a medical emergency. Signs of heat stroke include fainting, confusion, agitation, dry flushed skin, not sweating, changes in pulse to strong and rapid or slow and weak, and a rise in body temperature (to more than 104 degrees Fahrenheit). Seek immediate medical attention.

If you live alone, have a friend or relative call to check on you during a heat wave. A heat wave is a period of excessively hot weather, which may be accompanied by high humidity.

The summer is a wonderful time of the year. Be prepared, take proper precautions, and enjoy the season with your family and friends.

22 Aging Services Access Point (ASAP) agencies have been designated by the Executive Office of Elder Affairs to operate the Protective Services (PS) program throughout Massachusetts. PS staff from these local agencies respond to reports of abuse and neglect of people age 60 and older living in the community. Staff investigate allegations of neglect, physical, sexual and emotional abuse, as well as financial exploitation of older residents. During state fiscal year 2017, 30,739 reports of abuse and neglect were received, of which 9,799 cases were confirmed.

Elder Abuse Reports can be filed 24 hours a day by phone at (800) 922-2275. For more information visit https://www.mass.gov/report-elder-abuse

To report abuse of a person with a disability under the age of 60, call the Disabled Persons Protection Commission (DPPC) at (800) 426-9009. To report abuse of a person in a nursing facility or hospital, call the Department of Public Health (DPH) at (800) 462-5540. For any age or setting, call 911 or local police if you have an emergency or life-threatening situation.

Limited conservatorship and guardianship services are available for older residents who require assistance in managing their financial and/or personal affairs and who are at risk of further abuse without a guardian. Through local ASAP/PS agencies, trained staff and volunteers operate the Money Management Program to help older adults who need assistance managing their finances.

Retirement is becoming an active phase of life with many older adults devoting at least some of their time to causes and interests that have previously taken a backseat to careers or family obligations.

With many charities and non-profits in need of help, there is no shortage of volunteer opportunities for those willing to donate their time and efforts during retirement. If you are not sure where to begin, start small; try short stints, maybe an hour per week reading to children in the hospital, or 2 hours in a food pantry, or one afternoon in a library.

You can also capitalize on your background. When you meet with an organization, mention the skills you used in your career. Some opportunities may require extra education that may simply be viewing a training video or a short training session with experienced volunteers.

There are many benefits to volunteering. Studies have connected volunteering with reduced depression and higher brain activity; it is even correlated with living longer. Volunteering keeps the brain active, which contributes to a person’s cognitive health. The National Institute on Aging reported that participating in activities that are meaningful and productive may lower the risk of dementia and other health problems in older adults.

Giving back to society is making a difference in the lives of others. Helping others is a significant source of happiness. Retirees who are active in charities also have a strong sense of purpose and higher self-esteem. Volunteering is also another opportunity to meet people and to make new friends.

OCES’ Volunteer page, https://www.ocesma.org/volunteer/, provides more information on volunteering and includes links to volunteer opportunities. You could become a mentor, coach or companion to people in need, or contribute your job skills and expertise to community projects.  All OCES volunteers receive guidance and training to make a contribution that suits their talents, interests and availability.

Volunteering is best when you are doing something you enjoy. It is never too late to get started. Whether you just retired or are in your later years, there is an opportunity out there for you.

Aging can bring a set of new challenges. Some of these challenges may include medical problems, the loss of loved ones, or other stressful life events that can contribute to depression as we age. Although most cases of depression are diagnosed in young adults, depression can occur at any age.

Depression may go undiagnosed or misdiagnosed in some older adults. Some people may have less obvious symptoms or some may not be willing to talk about their feelings. Some signs of depression are often mistaken for normal behavior. It is important to know the signs and seek help if you are concerned about yourself or a loved one. Here are some possible signs of depression.

• Sad, anxious
• Loss of interest or pleasure in hobbies and activities
• Feelings of hopelessness, pessimism
• Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, helplessness
• Decreased energy, fatigue, being “slowed down”
• Difficulty concentrating, remembering, making decisions
• Difficulty sleeping, early-morning awakening, or oversleeping
• Appetite changes and/or unintended weight changes
• Thoughts of death or suicide, suicide attempts
• Restlessness, irritability

It is normal to feel uneasy, stressed, or sad temporarily, but depression is different from sadness – it can last longer and cause other issues. Certain individuals are at a higher risk for developing depression. If you are an older adult, you may be at a higher risk if you:

• Are female
• Have a chronic medical illness, such as cancer, diabetes or heart disease
• Have a disability
• Sleep poorly
• Are lonely or socially isolated

The good news is that in most cases, depression is treatable. The right treatment may help improve your overall health and quality of life. With the right treatment, you may begin to see improvements as early as two weeks from the start of your therapy. Some symptoms may start to improve within a week or two, but it may be several weeks before you feel the full effects. Seek help from your doctor to help identify your best options.

There are other ways to combat depression. Spending time with friends and family, making new friends, taking up new hobbies and getting active are a few suggestions. These suggestions are not just for those who may be depressed, but for everyone.

Many older adults are taking charge of their lives and not watching the world pass them by. Many towns have centers with activities and events that are open to all.

Leave depression behind, rekindle your self-esteem, overcome social isolation and restore hope and happiness to your life. As we continue to live longer, it makes sense to ensure we are living fulfilling lives.

There are a variety of options to help you prepare and file your tax return.

The IRS Volunteer Income Tax Assistance program provides free preparation for filers with incomes of up to $52,000. The Let Us Help You page on the Internal Revenue Services’ website helps answer most tax questions and can help you find a tax preparer. Anyone with a Preparer Tax Identification Number (PTIN) can prepare a tax return for a client. However, tax return preparers have differing levels of skills, education and expertise. The IRS searchable directory is intended to help you with your choice by providing a listing of preparers in your area who currently hold professional credentials recognized by the IRS or who hold an Annual Filing Season Program Record of Completion. A trusted tax professional can provide helpful information and advice.

The AARP Foundation Tax-Aide is a program that offers free tax assistance and preparation for low-to moderate-income taxpayers, at more than 5,000 locations nationwide. To find a location near you, visit the AARP website.

This year the tax filing deadline is April 17, 2018. The reason for the date change is that April 15^th falls on a Sunday and April 16^th is Emancipation Day, a legal holiday in the District of Columbia. Under the tax law, legal holidays in the District of Columbia affect the filing deadline across the nation. In 2018, 155 million individual tax returns are expected to be filed.

It is important to note that even though the new tax bill, signed by the President, went into effect on January 1, 2018, most Americans will not see changes to their tax returns until they file their 2018 taxes.

During tax season, thousands of people have lost millions of dollars and their personal information to tax scams. Scammers use the regular mail, telephone, or email to scam individuals, businesses and tax professionals. Remember, the IRS does not initiate contact with taxpayers by email, text messages or social media channels to request personal or financial information. The IRS initiates most contacts through regular mail delivered by the United States Postal Service. More information about scams can be found on the IRS website including what to do if you believe you are a victim of a scam.

Individuals with diabetes are more likely to develop heart disease and have a greater chance of a heart attack or a stroke. Additionally, those with diabetes increase their chances of having high blood pressure or high cholesterol. You can protect your heart and health by managing your blood glucose (blood sugar) as well as your blood pressure and cholesterol.

A family history of diabetes can significantly increase a person's risk of developing the condition. There are two main types of diabetes; type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. With diabetes, your blood glucose levels are too high and glucose comes from the foods you eat. Insulin is a hormone that helps the glucose get into your cells to give them energy. With type 1 diabetes, your body does not make insulin. With type 2 diabetes, the more common type, your body does not make or use insulin well.

You can also have prediabetes. Most people with prediabetes don't have any symptoms. Prediabetes means that your blood sugar is higher than normal but not high enough to be called diabetes. Having prediabetes puts you at a higher risk of getting type 2 diabetes. If you are concerned about your health or the health of a loved one, make an appointment to see your doctor. There are tests your doctor can prescribe to detect heart disease, make a diabetes diagnosis and determine if you are at risk for diabetes.

Here are a few tips to prevent or delay getting diabetes. Be sure to check with your doctor before starting any program.

• Maintain a healthy weight
• Follow a healthy eating plan
• Get regular exercise
• Don’t smoke
• Get a good night’s sleep
• Manage your stress

February is Heart Health Month. Heart disease is the leading cause of death for both men and women in the United States. The good news is that it is also one of the most preventable. Making heart-healthy choices, knowing your family health history and the risk factors for heart disease, having regular check-ups and working with your physician to manage your health are all integral aspects of saving lives from this often silent killer. Even making small changes in your habits can make a difference.

The following links provide more information on heart health and diabetes:

http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/More/Diabetes/WhyDiabetesMatters/Cardiovascular-Disease-Diabetes_UCM_313865_Article.jsp/

https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/managing-diabetes

Q: Are a lot of eligible elders not getting food stamps?
A: Yes. More than 40% of low-income elders eligible for the federal Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), commonly known as “food stamps,” are not on the program.

SNAP provides food and nutritional benefits to one out of every nine people in Massachusetts, including elders and people with disabilities. A recent study by Mass General Hospital found that participation in SNAP reduced annual health care costs by $1,400 per person per year. Seniors with poor nutrition are at greater risk for health conditions like  chronic heart disease, depression, diabetes, and asthma. Another study showed that access to SNAP benefits reduces the likelihood of admission to a nursing home by 23%.

The SNAP program is also good for our Massachusetts economy. The $1.2 billion in SNAP benefits spent annually at grocery stores, supermarkets, and farmers markets throughout the  Commonwealth creates an economic stimulus of  around $2 billion  into the local economy. An additional $1 billion in SNAP spending  would generate 8,900 full-time jobs.

Each October, the federal government makes adjustments to SNAP benefits. This year SNAP benefit levels were slightly reduced due to the drop in the consumer price index for food costs. The minimum benefit for one person decreased from $16 to $15, and the  maximum benefit for one person fell from $194 to $192.

SNAP advocates in Massachusetts have been working hard to close the “SNAP Gap,”  which is the number of people who are eligible for SNAP—but are not on the program. Over 150,000 adults in Massachusetts  age 60+ receives SNAP, which is roughly 10% of the elderly population. Nearly half (48%) of Massachusetts SNAP households include members who are elderly, or have severe disabilities.

But according to the Massachusetts Law Reform Institute and confirmed by a data match conducted by the Baker Administration, in 2016 there was a “SNAP Gap” of over 600,000 people who were on Medicaid, but not on SNAP---including 106,000 elders--most with incomes below 100% of the federal poverty level.

Under federal rules, elderly or disabled people  can claim out-of-pocket medical expenses as a deduction to raise their SNAP benefit—but the majority of  elder and disabled SNAP recipients in the Commonwealth who qualify for this medical deduction don’t use it. In addition to insurance and any hospital or doctor costs, they can claim out-of-pocket costs like vitamins, eye glasses, hearing aids, over the counter” medicine chest items,  and mileage from driving to doctors and pharmacies.  Elders can also use private or public housing costs, utility costs, and dependent care costs to raise their SNAP benefits.

To find out how to apply for SNAP benefits, call the state Department of Transitional Assistance at 1-877-382-2363, If you want to appeal a SNAP decision, local Legal Services offices may be able to provide advice or representation. Go to http://www.masslegalhelp.org/

Yes. Households in Massachusetts in which all adult members are age 65 or older, whether there is a financial hardship or not, are protected against utility and phone shut-offs. “Utility” refers to the gas or electric service to your home, or your landline telephone. Cell phones and heating oil is not covered by utility law. Most oil companies require payment at delivery time. Be sure to ask all fuel companies if they offer a “senior citizen discount”.

Every year from November 15 to March 15, gas and electric companies cannot shut off your service if you are unable to pay your utility bills and if the service is used to heat your house. This moratorium does not apply if service was shut off for non-payment before November 15.

When all adult members of the household are age 65 or older, it is difficult for a company to shut off your utility service. To protect yourself, make sure that everyone 65 or older in your household has provided your utility companies with written information about their age.

If all the members of your household are not 65 or older but your child, or someone else in your household has been diagnosed as having a “serious” or “chronic” condition and you cannot afford to pay your bills because of financial hardship, the utility companies cannot shut off your service. The illness or condition must be verified by a medical doctor, nurse practitioner, or physician’s assistant.  If a shut-off threat is on very short notice, your utility company has to accept a phone call from a doctor, but a follow up written letter will be needed within 7 days of the call. The utility company must keep service on for three months once learning that a customer is “seriously ill.” If your illness is “chronic,” you can receive six months protection. Ask your doctor’s office to fax their letter directly to the utility company, and to give you a receipt, as you may need proof to show your utility months later.

If you cannot afford to pay your utility bill and there is an infant under the age of one living in your house, the utility companies cannot shut off your service. ⁴To get this protection, you must submit a financial hardship form (obtained from the utility company) and provide proof of your child's age, through a birth certificate, letter, or official document from a physician, hospital, government agency, clergyman, or religious institution.

The law also protects grandparent-headed households, as long as the only people under age 65, living in the household, are minors (under age-18).

The Department of Public Utilities (DPU) is unlikely to approve a shut-off, especially if you are trying to make a good faith repayment effort. But if you own your home, a utility might try to put a “lien” or “attachment” on your home, to collect what is owed when your home is sold.

For phone land lines, the same “over 65” protections apply, as well as the “serious” illness protections. For phone service, only a doctor or clinician in a doctor’s office can certify illnesses. The same phone call from a doctor rule applies if a shut-off is imminent, with a follow up written illness letter within seven days. A doctor’s letter can be renewed two times, totaling 90-days protection.

The phone company will not shut-off service if the customer asks for “personal emergency protection,” demonstrates that he or she cannot pay the bill, and that phone service is necessary to protect the health or safety of a member of the household. An elder with an emergency alert button for example, could ask for personal emergency protection. If the phone company denies the protection, the customer can appeal to the Department of Telecommunications and Energy (DTE). Ask your gas, electric or phone company to send you an elder household protection form, or a serious illness/chronic condition, or personal emergency protection form.

Even with these shut-off protections, you are still responsible for paying off your bill, and you will be charged interest for late payments.

If you are facing a utility shut-off, contact the Attorney General’s Consumer Hotline at (617) 727-8400. To read more on your shut off rights, go to: http://www.masslegalhelp.org/special-protections-against-shut-offs.

Diseases of the lung are almost as common as breathing air. Lung problems that are common among older adults include: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, lung cancer, and asthma.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the U.S. and the second most common cancer among both men and women. Almost 15.7 million people have been diagnosed with COPD, which is the third leading cause of death. The Centers for Disease Control estimates that 18.4 million American adults currently have asthma. The American Lung Association estimates that in 2016 there were 555,374 adults in Massachusetts diagnosed with asthma, 307,924 people with COPD and 4,302 people with lung disease.

COPD is a disease that makes it hard to breathe. It can be caused by smoking, secondhand smoke, air pollution, chemical fumes, or even dust. There are two types of COPD: emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Shortness of breath is one of the most common symptoms of COPD and may even occur when you are resting. People who have COPD may feel like their chest is so tight that they cannot breathe and they may cough a lot. COPD can also cause wheezing.  COPD develops slowly and worsens over time. COPD can lead to strain on the heart, which can result in swollen ankles, feet, or legs. In advanced stages of COPD, people can have blue lips because they do not have enough oxygen in their blood.  In older adults, COPD can sometimes be confused with asthma.

Although there is no cure for COPD, there are measures you can take to help you feel better. If you are a smoker who quits, you may breathe more easily and add years to your life. Your doctor might prescribe an inhaler, a special exercise program, breathing techniques, or extra oxygen. People with COPD should protect themselves by getting shots to prevent the flu and pneumonia.

Pneumonia is an infection of one or both of your lungs and people with pneumonia may have a fever, chills, trouble breathing, and a cough with mucus. Pneumonia can make you feel very tired, or sick to your stomach. For some older adults, pneumonia can be a serious problem that takes 3 weeks or longer to overcome. Pneumonia is most common in the winter months. It is caused by germs like bacteria, viruses, and fungi. If you smoke or drink a lot of alcohol, your chance of getting pneumonia increases. You can come in contact with germs that cause pneumonia during a hospital stay or in a nursing facility. To test for pneumonia, your doctor can do a physical exam, take a chest x-ray, or analyze a blood sample. Mild pneumonia can sometimes be treated at home with medications to fight the infection. Sometimes pneumonia must be treated in the hospital. To prevent pneumonia, don’t smoke, get a shot for the flu and pneumonia, wash your hands often with soap and water, and cover your nose and mouth when you sneeze or cough.

Lung Cancer – Some common signs of lung cancer include:

• A cough that does not go away and gets worse over time
• Constant chest pain
• Coughing up blood
• Problems with breathing, wheezing, or hoarseness
• Repeated problems with pneumonia
• Swelling of the neck and face
• Loss of appetite or weight loss

These symptoms may be caused by lung cancer or other health problems. Do not wait until you feel pain. See your doctor right away. Studies show that starting treatment for lung cancer early leads to better results. Treatment for lung cancer is based on the type of lung cancer and whether or not it has spread to other parts of the body. It also depends on the individual’s general health.

Asthma is a condition in which your airways narrow and swell and extra mucus is produced. This can make breathing difficult and trigger coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath. For some people, asthma is a minor nuisance. For others, it can be a major problem that interferes with daily activities and may lead to a life-threatening asthma attack. Asthma cannot be cured, but its symptoms can be controlled. Many people live long, healthy lives with asthma. Some blood pressure medications, like beta-blockers or aspirin, can interfere with your asthma treatment or make asthma worse. Your doctor can help you develop a plan to manage your asthma.

For tips to keep your lungs healthy, go to http://www.lung.org/lung-health-and-diseases/protecting-your-lungs/

Most studies are cautious about answering this question. One recent report by the Lancet Commission on Dementia Prevention and Care concluded that one-third of dementia cases could potentially be prevented through better management of lifestyle factors, such as smoking, hypertension, depression, and hearing loss over the course of a lifetime.

Research is complicated by the fact that older adults can be affected by different forms of cognitive decline. Researchers classify three basic kinds of cognitive decline: normal age-related cognitive decline; mild cognitive impairment; and clinical Alzheimer’s type dementia. The number of Americans over age 70 with dementia and mild cognitive impairment is rising.

Dementia-related costs exceed those of heart disease and cancer. Some decline in cognition with aging is considered normal or inevitable, particularly for people past the age of 60. Investigators report that there is some evidence that three types of interventions have shown “encouraging, although inconclusive, evidence” of slowing or delaying the onset of age-related cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer’s. The three interventions are: cognitive training, blood pressure management, and increased physical activity.

In 2015, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) began a project examining the evidence on interventions for preventing, slowing, or delaying the onset of these cognitive impairments. In their report, Preventing Cognitive Decline and Dementia: A Way Forward, researchers highlighted three interventions, all of which showed mixed results:

1. Cognitive training; Cognitive training is defined as a “ broad set of interventions, including those aimed at enhancing reasoning (like problem solving), memory, and speed of processing (like identifying visual information on a screen).” Structured training exercises may or may not be computer based. Some evidence suggests that cognitive training can improve long-term cognitive function and maintenance of independence in instrumental activities of daily living, like shopping and cooking, in adults with normal cognition. Researchers say results from cognitive training are “inconclusive, but encouraging” as a tool for delaying or slowing age-related cognitive decline. There is no evidence, however, that commercial, computer-based “brain training” applications are beneficial for long-term cognitive effects.

2. Blood pressure management: There are many links between cerebrovascular disease, (cerebrovascular disease is a condition developed due to complications with the blood vessels that supply blood to the brain) Alzheimer’s Disease and dementia.  A majority of dementia patients show signs of cerebrovascular disease. Improved control of blood pressure in patients with hypertension has been linked to a decline in stroke incidence and mortality, and it is plausible that blood pressure management would also reduce the risk of dementia and cognitive decline. Researchers say there is data to suggest that managing blood pressure for people with hypertension, particularly during midlife (ages 35 to 65 years), offers encouraging evidence for preventing, delaying, and slowing Alzheimer’s type dementia, but the results are still “inconclusive.”

3. Increased physical activity: There are many well-documented health benefits of increased physical activity which has consistently been identified as one of the modifiable risk factors that could have the greatest impact on rates of cognitive impairment and dementia. Research suggests increased physical activity may be effective in delaying or slowing age-related cognitive decline. Indicators seem promising for resistance training and aerobic exercise, and vitamin B12. NASEM concluded that increased physical activity also provides encouraging but inconclusive evidence of delaying or slowing age-related cognitive decline. But there is not enough evidence to conclude whether increasing physical activity prevents, delays, or slows mild cognitive impairment, or has an impact on Alzheimer’s type dementia.

NASEM is optimistic about the future of research in this “exciting area of discovery.” Priority areas for further study on slowing cognitive impairments include: new anti-dementia treatments; treatments for diabetes and depression; dietary interventions; lipid-lowering treatments; sleep quality interventions; social engagement, and vitamin B12 plus folic acid supplementation. While research has shown promise, the results about slowing or preventing cognitive decline are "inconclusive", and research stresses that these interventions are all in need of further study.

Yes. If you are providing in-home care for a person with Alzheimer's disease, the National Institute on Aging has created a 44 page booklet with a checklist to make each room in your home a safer environment.

Alzheimer's progresses differently in each person, but here are some general principles that may be helpful:

1. Think prevention. It is very difficult to predict what a person with Alzheimer's might do. Even with the best-laid plans, accidents can happen. Therefore, checking the safety of your home will help you take control of some of the potential problems that may create hazardous situations.
2. Adapt the environment. It is easier to change the home environment than to change some behaviors. You can decrease any hazards and stressors that accompany these behavioral and functional changes.
3. Minimize danger. A safe environment can be a less restrictive environment where the person with Alzheimer's disease can experience increased security and more mobility.

Your first question may be: Is it safe to leave a person with Alzheimer’s alone? This issue needs individual evaluation:

• Does the person with Alzheimer's become confused or unpredictable under stress?
• Do they recognize a dangerous situation, like a fire?
• Do they know how to use the telephone in an emergency?
• Do they wander or become disoriented?
• Do they become agitated, depressed, or withdrawn when left alone for any period of time? Talk this over with your doctor or other health care professionals to assist you as the symptoms of the disease change.

Complete a safety check in every room in your home. You may want to set aside a special area for yourself that is off-limits to anyone else and arrange it exactly as you like. A safe home can be less stressful for the person with Alzheimer's and for you. Enlist the help of your local Alzheimer's Association for suggestions. Here are some general tips:

• Display emergency numbers and your home address near all telephones.
• Use an answering machine when you can’t answer phone calls. Turn ringers on low to avoid distraction and confusion. Put all portable and cell phones and equipment in a safe place so they will not be easily lost.
• Install smoke alarms and carbon monoxide detectors in the kitchen and sleeping areas.
• Install secure locks on all outside doors and windows.
• Hide a spare house key outside in case the person with Alzheimer's disease locks you out of the house.
• Avoid the use of extension cords, and tack them to baseboards to avoid tripping.
• Install one handrail on stairways that extends beyond the first and last steps. Use carpets or safety grip strips on stairs. Put a gate across the stairs if the person has balance problems.
• Keep medications (prescription and over-the-counter) locked. Label each bottle of prescriptions with the person's name, name of the drug, drug strength, dosage frequency, and expiration date. Keep alcohol in a locked cabinet.
• Avoid clutter, throw out or recycle newspapers and magazines regularly. Keep all areas where people walk free of furniture. Keep plastic bags out of reach to prevent choking or suffocation.
• Remove all guns and other weapons from the home or lock them up. Install safety locks on guns or remove ammunition and firing pins.
• Lock all power tools and machinery in the garage, workroom, or basement.

For a room-by-room list of more Alzheimer’s home safety tips from the National Institute on Aging, click here https://www.nia.nih.gov/alzheimers/publication/home-safety-people-alzheimers-disease/home-safety-room-room

No, sciatic pain does not have to be a chronic condition. The medical condition called “sciatica” is a major cause of work absenteeism and a major financial burden to both employers and our health care system. Your sciatic nerve is the largest nerve in your body. It begins as a bundle of nerves in your lower back and passes through your pelvis and down the back of each thigh. In the back of the thigh, the sciatic nerve splits into two smaller nerves called the tibial nerve and the peroneal nerve. The sciatic nerve carries impulses from nerves in your lower back to the muscles and nerves in the buttocks, thighs, and lower legs.

Sciatica is a symptom. It consists of leg pain, which might feel like a bad leg cramp, or a ‘pinched nerve’. The pain can shoot down your leg to your foot, making sitting or standing very painful. Sciatica can occur suddenly, or develop gradually. You might feel a numbness, or a burning or tingling ("pins and needles") sensation in your legs or toes.

The term ‘sciatica’ has come to be used to describe any pain felt in the leg along the length of the sciatic nerve. The incidence of sciatica is related to age. It is rarely seen before the age of 20, and it peaks in the fifth decade and declines thereafter. Between 13% and 40% of Americans will have sciatica sometime in their life. The nerve might be pinched inside or outside of the spinal canal as it passes into the leg. Sciatic pain seems to involve a complex interaction of inflammatory, immune and pressure-related elements. Symptoms like paralysis or incontinence indicate a more serious problem like nerve damage or a disease, and should be reported immediately to your primary care doctor.

The exact nature of the relationship of sciatica to disc, nerve, and pain is not yet certain. For some people, the pain from sciatica can be severe and debilitating. For others, the pain might be infrequent and irritating, but has the potential to get worse. A herniated or ‘slipped disc’ is the most common cause of sciatica, but there is no one basic cause. Not everyone’s spinal disks age at the same pace. Spinal disks lose their elasticity over time as they lose fluid and become brittle and cracked. These changes are a normal part of aging.

Another cause can be a small muscle deep in the buttocks that becomes tight or spasms, which puts pressure on the sciatic nerve. Narrowing of the spinal column, or a vertebra that is out of line, can affect the sciatic nerve. Fortunately, most cases of sciatica are short term, and the pain resolves within a matter of weeks or months. But some cases do not resolve quickly, and 10% to 40% of cases can require treatment for chronic pain.

Most patients with sciatica can be treated by their primary care doctor without the need for further diagnostic testing. The goal is to reduce the pain and increase mobility. Physical therapy, with customized stretching exercises to improve flexibility of tight muscles, are often where treatment will begin, along with the use of NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) like aspirin or ibuprofen to temporarily relieve pain and inflammation. In other cases, tests like Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scan are used to obtain images of the structures of the back. Spinal injections of an anti-inflammatory medicine, or surgery is available for people who do not respond to other treatments, and who have severe pain. Many people believe that massage, yoga or acupuncture can improve sciatica.

You can take steps to protect your back and reduce your risk for getting sciatica pain by:

• Practicing proper lifting techniques: Lift with your back straight, bringing yourself up with your hips and legs, and holding the object close to your chest. Use this technique for lifting everything, no matter how light.
• Avoiding/stopping cigarette smoking, which promotes disc degeneration.
• Exercising regularly to strengthen the muscles of your back and abdomen, which work to support your spine. Whether you are sitting or lying down, tighten your stomach muscles often, hold them tight, then release.
• Using good posture when you are sitting, standing, and sleeping. Good posture helps to relieve the pressure on your lower back. Wrap up a towel for lower back support in your car seat or desk chair.
• Avoiding sitting for long periods.

Retirement can have positive or negative impacts on health. One study by the National Bureau of Economic Research concluded that complete retirement leads to a 5-16% increase in difficulties associated with mobility and daily activities, a 5-6% increase in illness conditions, and a 6-9% decline in mental health. However, these negative health effects can be reduced if the retiree is married, has social supports, continues to engage in physical activity after retirement, or continues to work part-time after retiring. The negative health effects of retirement may be larger if a person is forced to retire.

The National Institute on Aging says that health problems have a big influence on the decision to retire early, but less research has been done on how retirement affects your health after you retire. According to the Harvard Health Blog, retirement for some people is a chance to relax away from the daily grind---but for others, retirement can be a period of declining health and increasing limitations. One study ranked retirement 10^th on the list of life’s most stressful events. Losing a spouse was number 1.

The U.S Health and Retirement Study data shows that retirees were 40% more likely to have had a heart attack or stroke than those still working. The increase was greater during the first year after retirement, and leveled off after that. Another study from England concluded that retirement significantly increased the risk of being diagnosed with a chronic condition. In particular, retirement raised the risk of a severe cardiovascular disease and cancer.

There are other studies which link retirement with an improvement or a neutral effect on health. One study found that retirement did not change the risk of major chronic diseases, and brought about a substantial reduction in mental and physical fatigue and depressive symptoms among people with chronic diseases.

So the impact of retirement on health may depend on the individual. The Harvard Health Blog suggests that “moving from work to no work comes with a boatload of other changes.” If you loved your work, retirement can bring some emptiness of purpose. If you had a stressful job, retirement brings relief. Either way, researchers offer these tips for a rewarding retirement:

• Don’t ‘retire’ from daily contact with friends and colleagues
• Maintain Activities like sports or traveling, to keep a purposeful daily life
• Be creative: keep your brain healthy by painting, gardening, or volunteering
• Keep learning: explore new subjects you have always been interested in

Understanding what large group studies say about retirement is interesting, but studies can’t predict how retirement will affect your life. People who retire because of health problems may not enjoy retirement as much as someone who retires feeling healthy. But, it makes sense to view retirement as a process. Often it is just the need to stay connected, and be a part of something bigger, that truly gives us that fulfillment in our later years, not the complete absence of work or responsibility.

Unfortunately, the answer is often “No.” Advertisements for “dietary supplements” frequently claim they will keep you from getting sick, or help you live longer. But according to the National Institute On Aging, “Often there is little, if any, scientific support for these claims…Some supplements can hurt you. Others are just a waste of money because they don’t give you any health benefits.”

Absolutely. Regular physical activity and exercise are important to the physical and mental health of almost everyone, including older adults. There are many benefits from physical activity including:

• Maintains and improves your physical strength and fitness.
• Improves your ability to do the everyday things you want to do.
• Improves your balance.
• Manages and improves diseases like diabetes, heart disease, and osteoporosis.
• Reduces feelings of depression and may improve mood and overall well-being.
• Helps you fall asleep faster and deepen your sleep but don’t exercise too close to bedtime.

If you feel out of shape, but want to remain physically active, the key to success, according to the National Institute on Aging, is to build up slowly from your current fitness level. Health experts suggest that you consult your doctor before you start any new exercise program.

Start by determining your fitness level. Begin by asking these questions:

• How much time do you spend sitting?
• How much time and how often are you active?
• When you are active, what kinds of activities are you doing?

Here are 5 ways you can test your own fitness:

• Measure your endurance by picking a fixed course. Once around the block or from one end of the mall to the other. Time how long it takes you to walk it.

• Test your upper-body strength by how many arm curls you can do safely in 2 minutes.

• Test your lower-body strength by how many times you can stand from a seated position safely in 2 minutes. If you are unsteady, have someone there with you.

• Test your balance by how long you can safely stand on one foot. (Stand next to something sturdy that you can hold onto if you lose your balance).

• Test your flexibility by sitting toward the front of a sturdy chair, and stretching one leg straight out in front of you with your heel on the floor and your toes pointing up. Bend the other leg and place your foot flat on the floor. Slowly bend from your hips and reach as far as you can toward the toes of your outstretched foot. How far can you reach before you feel a stretch?

Write down your results. If these exercises were hard to do, just do what is comfortable and slowly build up. If they were easy, you know your level of fitness is higher. Now you can be more ambitious and challenge yourself. You can do these simple fitness tests once a month, and measure your progress at each session.

If you feel any pain or dizziness while exercising, stop. Muscle soreness lasting a few days and slight fatigue are normal after doing muscle-building exercises, at least at first. After doing these exercises for a few weeks, you will probably not be sore after your workout. For some exercises, you may want to start alternating arms and work your way up to using both arms at the same time. Breathe out as you lift or push, and breathe in as you relax. Don’t hold your breath during strength exercises. Holding your breath while straining can cause changes in blood pressure. Breathe in slowly through your nose and breathe out slowly through your mouth. Talk with your doctor if you are unsure about doing a particular exercise, especially if you have had hip or back surgery.

Some exercises for older adults, or those who are sedentary, include: brisk walking, stationary bike riding, low impact aerobics, swimming, and water aerobics. Safety during exercises is always important. Walk during the day or in well-lit areas at night, and be aware of your surroundings. Try not to walk alone or in secluded areas. To prevent injuries, be sure to use safe equipment. If you are exercising outdoors, dress in layers so you can add or remove clothes if you get cold or hot. Drink plenty of liquids when doing any activity that makes you sweat. Before and after you exercise, do a little light activity to warm up and cool down.

Each year, more than 2 million older Americans go to the emergency room because of fall-related injuries. You can learn exercises that will improve your balance and make you steadier on your feet. You can see pictures and short videos of any of these exercises, plus get more fitness tips by going to the National Institute On Aging website: https://go4life.nia.nih.gov/exercises. Go4Life is an exercise and physical activity campaign from the National Institute on Aging that is designed to help you fit exercise and physical activity into your daily life.

http://www.healthline.com/health/fitness-exercise-for-seniors
https://www.helpguide.org/articles/exercise-fitness/exercise-and-fitness-as-you-age.htm

Yes. Many people select a drug plan and then forget about it. But older adults report that medication costs and not understanding their drug benefits are major challenges. Older adults want easy to understand information on cost, coverage and provider networks to get the most out of their drug benefits.

People on Medicare are receiving their new prescription drug plan materials. It may be a Medicare Part D plan, or a Medicare Advantage Plan (Part C), but you can save money and avoid medication mistakes by understanding your benefits.

According to the National Association of Area Agencies on Aging (n4a), as many as 88% of Medicare recipients have not chosen the lowest possible total plan cost for their Medicare prescription drug coverage. These people could save money by choosing a plan that has a lower premium and the lowest possible out-of-pocket costs. N4a and Walgreens have teamed up to provide older adults and people with disabilities the education and programs they need to help maximize their Medicare pharmacy benefits.

Proper medication adherence is one of the keys to maintaining good health. Too many older adults may not have enough information about how to take their medications as prescribed for fear of incurring additional out-of-pocket expenses.

Here are some tips for getting the most out of your drug benefits, and for lowering your out-of-pocket costs:

• Every prescription drug plan has a list of covered drugs called a “formulary.” This list is divided into “tiers,” which vary by plan. Typically, a drug in a lower tier will generally cost you less than a drug in a higher tier. Ask your doctor or pharmacist if there are lower-cost options, such as lower-cost brands or generic substitutes on your plan’s formulary, or even over-the-counter options that can properly treat your medical condition.
• Many prescription drug plans have a “preferred pharmacy” network. If your plan has preferred pharmacies, you may save money and pay lower prescription copays if you use the preferred pharmacy.
• Some plans offer a mail order pharmacy that may offer lower drug prices. This may be a cost-effective and convenient way to fill prescriptions.
• Whether you are using a generic alternative, or a lower-cost brand alternative, if you are taking maintenance drugs, ask if you can get a less expensive 90-day supply instead of 30-day supply.
• At least once a year, ask your doctor or pharmacist to evaluate changes in your health and prescription needs, and about ways you may be able to reduce your medication costs.
• If you take medications for more than one medical condition, ask your doctor if you qualify for medication management therapy (MTM) from a pharmacist or other health professionals to ensure that your medications are working well together.
• Ask your doctor or pharmacist to review your prescriptions for falls risk. Some medications can interact together or affect you in a way that could increase your risk of falling.
• Talk to your doctor about ALL the medications you take, including over-the-counter (OTC) medications and “nutritional” supplements.
• If your prescription drug copayments are not affordable, ask your doctor if your drug manufacturers have a “patient assistance program” that reduces the cost of your drugs.
• The Prescription Advantage program provides financial assistance, based on income, for people with Medicare drug coverage. This program can help pay all or part of your Medicare drug co-payments, and can also provide an out-of-pocket spending limit. Once this limit is reached, Prescription Advantage will cover drug co-payments for the remainder of the plan year. Call 1-800-243-4636 and press “2” for details.

Choosing a drug plan is just the start. Learning more about your plan could help you save more.

Hard of hearing (HOH) refers to people who still have some useful hearing and can understand spoken language, in some situations, with or without amplification. Most HOH people can use the telephone, hearing aids and other assistive devices. The degree of hearing loss can vary, from mild to profound. Deaf people, on the other hand, have little or no hearing. They may use sign language or lip reading, and hearing aids may be used for both environmental awareness and to help make speech understandable. People who use spoken English to communicate are called “oral deaf.” Many individuals who are deaf lost their hearing before they learned to speak, and they view hearing loss, not as a medical condition that needs to be corrected, but as a cultural distinction.

People who are “late-deafened” are those who lost all or most of their hearing during or after their teen years, either suddenly or progressively. Most need sign language or lip reading to understand conversation, and cannot use the telephone. In many cases, doctors cannot definitively determine what causes deafness later in life. Some common causes include: exposure to loud noise, aging, meningitis, accidents, trauma, virus, Meniere’s disease, and tumors of the acoustic nerve. If you experience a sudden drop in hearing, unexpected dizziness, drainage from your ear, or significant pain in your ear or head, see a doctor as quickly as possible.

Acquired deafness is a traumatic loss, especially for people who lose their hearing suddenly. People who are born deaf never feel this overwhelming sense of loss, because they never experienced hearing. But for anyone who becomes deaf later in life, the sense of loss can be devastating and often report a feeling of isolation and loneliness. They may go through a grieving process that lasts months or even years. It is important to note that deafness does not mean that your recreational or social life has to stop. You can still do many of the same things you used to do, just differently.

There are some special concerns for older adults. The incidence of hearing loss increases dramatically with age. One third of all people over the age of 60 and 50% of people over 80 have some form of hearing loss. Hearing impairment is common and can seriously affect their safety, quality of life, and ability to live independently. Some seniors are not comfortable with new technologies like assistive listening devices or close captioned television and may lack the manual dexterity to manipulate the small controls on hearing aids and other devices. Seniors may be anxious about being able to remain living at home, and may be unaware of safety alerting devices and other assistive technology.

The Massachusetts Commission for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing can be used as a central point of contact for seniors and their caregivers. Their website is www.mass.gov/mcdhh. Much of the information in this article is taken from The Commission’s publication, The Savvy Consumer’s Guide to Hearing Loss. This publication lists organizations that offer supportive services, medical help, financial assistance and benefits programs, communications options, assistive technologies, and real life coping skills. To receive a copy of this book, call 1-800-882-1155, or 617-740-1700 (TTY).

Yes. A number of diseases, which can be prevented with vaccines, can cause significant illness, hospitalization, disability, and even death.

Older adults are more affected than most people by these diseases. According to the Alliance for Aging Research, more than half of the annual flu-related hospitalizations, and 90% of the annual flu deaths, are in people age 65 or over. Roughly half of the 1 million annual cases of shingles in the U.S. are in people over the age of 60. Even though seniors are hit harder by these illnesses, vaccination rates among older adults are dangerously low.

Your immune system is made up of cells that defend your body against a bacteria or virus, called a pathogen. It is your immune system which produces antibodies that destroy the pathogens. Every time your immune system reacts to a specific pathogen, it builds up a defense called immunity. The next time that pathogen shows up, your immune system “knows” the bacteria or virus, and removes it more quickly.

Vaccines imitate an infection, and tell your immune system to produce antibodies to protect you from a disease. By getting vaccinated, you also protect those around you who may not be vaccinated. This is called herd or “community immunity.” The more people who get vaccinated, the fewer chances a disease has to spread.

Here are some bacteria or viruses that can be treated with vaccines:

Influenza (flu) is a respiratory virus that spreads from coughing or sneezing droplets that land on you. Every year as many as 200,000 people are hospitalized from the flu.

Tetanus is a bacteria that enters the body through a deep flesh wound. It can interfere with the ability to breathe.

Diphtheria is a bacteria that attaches to the lining of the respiratory system and produces toxins. It can make it hard to breathe and swallow. This can lead to infections of the lung, blood, heart, kidney, and nerves.

Pertussis can lead to uncontrollable coughing, which often makes it hard to breathe.

Varicella is the chicken pox virus. Varicella zoster is a chicken pox virus that can be reactivated years later as a shingles infection. During their lifetime, 30% of Americans will develop shingles — around 1 million people each year.

Pneumonia is a bacteria or virus that infects the lungs. Every year, an estimated 53,000 people die and 1.1 million are hospitalized because of pneumonia.

Vaccines you received when you were younger (tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis) can wear off, so you may need a booster vaccine. If there are vaccines you never received as a child (like chickenpox), it may be recommended that you get them as an adult.

As we age, our immune system weakens and puts us at a higher risk for certain diseases, like shingles and pneumonia. After age 60 there are additional vaccines that are recommended. Vaccines for measles, mumps, and rubella are not recommended for those ages 60 and up.

Talk to your doctor about staying up-to-date with your vaccines. The flu vaccine can change each season and even change mid-season. Your immunity decreases over the year and certain diseases and conditions can make it harder to fight off infection. With some chronic diseases, the complications of infection can be more severe. Ask your doctor about your risk for meningitis and hepatitis A and B.

Whenever you get vaccinated, ask for an immunization record card, and have it sent to your doctor’s office. Medicare Part B pays for flu, pneumonia, and hepatitis B vaccines. Medicare Part D plans must include all commercially available vaccines (except those covered by Part B). Medicare Part D or Medicare Advantage Part C plans, that offer prescription drug coverage, may also cover a number of these vaccines. Medicaid covers some of these vaccines.

For more information about what vaccines are recommended for you, visit this website www.cdc.gov/vaccines.

Yes. Little attention has been paid to the issue of substance abuse, both legal and illegal drugs, among older adults. Recent data demonstrates that drug abuse is increasing among elders, and is a larger proportion of all substance abuse among this population.

One study in 2011 reported that 6.3% of those age 50 to 59 reported they had used illicit drugs in the past month, more than twice the rate recorded in 2002. Baby boomers (born between 1946 and 1964) have a lifetime rate of illicit drug use higher than those of people older than them. The number of older adults needing treatment for substance abuse is estmated to increase from 1.7 million in 2000 to 4.4 million by 2020.

Nonmedical use of prescription drugs among people 50 years and older is predicted to increase to 2.7 million Americans by 2020, and one recent study of elderly men in hospital emergency rooms showed that 11.6% involved opioid use, a rate nearly 5 times higher than marijuana, and 6 times higher than cocaine.

One large study of emergency department admissions in 2008, for illicit substance abuse among adults over age 50 years, noted that nearly 60% were aged 50 to 54 years, while only 1.5% were over age 75 years. Substance abusers were 70% male. The substances most commonly abused include cocaine (50%–60% of cases), heroin (25%), and marijuana (20%).

Researchers define “early onset users” as individuals with a long history of substance abuse who continue to abuse as they age. “Late-onset” substance abuse is a less common pattern, accounting for less than 10% of substance abuse. Some older adults who start abusing drugs do so because of medical factors, like higher rates of painful medical conditions that push the elder toward self-medication, and the development of psychiatric conditions, like depression or dementia. Older adults also suffer from higher rates of many of the same risk factors found in younger adults, like bereavement, social isolation, financial difficulties, or poor support systems.

Some studies suggest that in recent years prescription opioids have replaced heroin as the opioid of choice, including among elders. But among people who were early users of illicit drugs, heroin has been a drug of choice for so long that changing trends are not immediately reflected among older adult users.

The most common addiction among elders is with legal substances, like nicotine and alcohol. Psychoactive prescription drugs come in third, and illegal drugs, like marijuana, cocaine, or narcotics, come in fourth. One study of alcohol use in assisted living found that 60% of residents drank alcochol, 34% drank daily, 19% had health impacts from drinking, and 12% had physical or psychosocial harm from alcohol. Alcohol abuse is a risk factor for psychiatric illness: older adults are 3 times as likely to develop a mental disorder if they have a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol abuse.

Some studies recommend that every 60 year old should be screened for alcohol and prescription drug use/abuse as part of their routine physical exam. But diagnosis of elder drug abuse is a challenge for primary care doctors. Older patients may feel compelled to hide their abuse. Doctors may become absorbed with other medical concerns and neglect to explore the possibility of substance abuse. Bringing more attention to elder drug abuse will hopefully encourage physicians to become more comfortable learning about treating older substance abusers.